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# # lab3upg1main.s - version 2010-01-14 # # Written by F Lundevall. # Copyright abandoned. # This file is in the public domain. # ######################################## # Definitions of device-addresses # and important constants. # # de2_pio_keys4 - 0x840 .equ keys4_base,0x840 # uart_0 - 0x860 .equ uart_0_base,0x860 # timer_1 - 0x920 .equ timer_1_base,0x920 # # Timer 1 time-out definition. # The clock frequency at the lab session is 50 MHz. # For simulation, use a 0.1-second time-out. # At the lab session, use a 1-second time-out. # .equ timer1count,5000000 # Change this value (and this comment!) # # End of definitions of device-addresses # and important constants. ######################################## ######################################## # Macro definitions begin here # # # PUSH reg - push a single register on the stack # .macro PUSH reg subi sp,sp,4 # reserve space on stack stw \reg,0(sp) # store register .endm # # POP reg - pop a single register from the stack # .macro POP reg ldw \reg,0(sp) # fetch top of stack contents addi sp,sp,4 # return previously reserved space .endm # # PUSHMOST - push all caller-save registers plus ra # .set noat # required since we push r1 .macro PUSHMOST PUSH at # push assembler-temporary register r1 PUSH r2 PUSH r3 PUSH r4 PUSH r5 PUSH r6 PUSH r7 PUSH r8 PUSH r9 PUSH r10 PUSH r11 PUSH r12 PUSH r13 PUSH r14 PUSH r15 PUSH ra # push return address register r31 .endm # # POPMOST - pop ra plus all caller-save registers # POPMOST is the reverse of PUSHMOST # # .set noat is already done above - no need to repeat that .macro POPMOST POP ra POP r15 POP r14 POP r13 POP r12 POP r11 POP r10 POP r9 POP r8 POP r7 POP r6 POP r5 POP r4 POP r3 POP r2 POP at .endm # # Macro definitions end here ######################################## .text .align 2 ######################################## # Stub - three machine instructions (remember, # movia is expanded into two instructions). # The stub program-code must be copied # to the exception-address # (0x800020 in the current system). # # Stub explanation: # move address of exception handler # into exception-temporary register et # Use JMP to jump to the interrupt handler # (whose address is now in et) stub: movia et,exchand jmp et # # End of stub. ######################################## ######################################## # The following section replaces the # Altera-supplied initialization code. # .global alt_main alt_main: nop wrctl status,r0 br main nop nop # Those NOPs are really not necessary, # but may help when you debug the program. # Without the NOPs, the branch instruction # would just jump to the next address # sequentially, which can be confusing. # # End of replacement for Altera-supplied # initialization code. ######################################## ######################################## # Main program follows. # .data .align 2 mytime: .word 0x5957 .text .align 2 # # The label main # must be declared global # .global main main: # Always disable interupts before # initializing any devices wrctl status,r0 # # Add your code here to copy the stub # to address 0x800020 and on. # Remember to copy all three instructions # (movia is expanded to two instructions). # movia r8,stub # k�lla movia r9,0x800020 # destination ldw r10,0(r8) # l�s movia del 1 stw r10,0(r9) # skriv ldw r10,4(r8) # l�s movia del 2 stw r10,4(r9) # skriv ldw r10,8(r8) # l�s jump stw r10,8(r9) # skriv # initialisera annat # # Add your code here to initialize timer_1 for # continuous interrupts every 100 ms (0.1 s) # movia r8,0x920 # Sparar 0x920 i r8 mov r9,r0 # Ser till att det inte finns n�got skr�p i r9 movia r9,49999999 # Sparar 5000 000 millisek i r9 stwio r9,8(r8) # Sparar r9 i periodl srai r9,r9,16 # Skiftar v�rdet i r7 med 16 bitar och sparar i r7 stwio r9,12(r8) # sparar r9 i periodh mov r9,r0 # Ser till att det inte finns n�got skr�p i r9 movi r9,0b0111 # Sparar 0111 i r9. S�tter d� Continuous-Mode bit till 1 och interrupt on time out till 1 stwio r9,4(r8) # sparrar r9 i control mov r8,r0 movi r8,0x400 # bit 10 ettst�lld wrctl ienable,r8 # skriv CTL3 # # For Assignment 4 (but not earlier!), # add code here to initialize de2_pio_keys4 # for interrupts from KEY0 # movia r8, 0x848 #store adress of the interrupt mask to the keys movia r7, 0x0011 stwio r7, 0(r8) #store the bits in the IO unit # # Add your code here to initialize the CPU for # interrupts from timer_1 (index 10) only. # For Assignment 4 (but not earlier!), # add code here to also initialize the CPU for # interrupts from de2_pio_keys4 (index 2) # movi r7, 0x004 rdctl r8, ienable or r7, r7, r8 wrctl ienable, r7 #allow the device (keys) to interrupt shiet #enables interrupts in general movi r8,1 wrctl status,r8 # skriv CTL0 # # Add your code here to enable interrupts # by writing 1 to the status register # # # Set start value for prime-space exploration. movia r4,471123 # # Main loop starts here. mainloop: call primesearch PUSH r4 movi r4,33 trap POP r4 mov r4,r2 # # This is the end of the main loop. # We jump back to the beginning. br mainloop # # End of main program. ######################################## ######################################## # Exception handler. # # This exception handler is extremely simplified. # You will expand and improve the handler. # When you do this, you must add comments - # and change this comment - to reflect your changes. # exchand: nop nop # Those NOPs are not really necessary. # However, in this particular program, # they may help you setting a breakpoint # at the beginning of the handler # when you debug the program. rdctl et,estatus # Stores estatus in the exception temporary register. andi et,et,1 # Discard garbage bits beq et,r0,noint # If interrupts are globally disabled, then noint rdctl et,ipending # Stores the devices request status beq et,r0,noint # If no devices requested interrupts, then no interrupt. br exc_was_interrupt # Det var ett avbrott hoppa till exc_was_interuppt noint: PUSH r8 # Pushar r8 p� stacken f�r att vi inte ska br�ka med detta register movia r8,0x003b683a # Flyttar 0x003b683a till r8. 0x003b683a �r maskinkod f�r trapp. ldw et,-4(ea) # l�s instr n�rmast f�re returplats cmpeq et,et,r8 # j�mf�r trapp med et POP r8 # Popar r8 bne et,r0,exc_was_trap # om lika, hoppa till traphandler # Here we should check the contents of estatus # to see if interrupts were enabled (Condition 1). # Then we should check if ipending is nonzero # (Condition 2). # If Conditions 1 and 2 are both true, the cause of # exception must have been an interrupt. In this case, # we should jump to the interrupt-handling code. # Now, we should check if the instruction at the # exception location is a TRAP instruction. # Then we should perhaps check if the bit-pattern, # at the exception location, is that of # an unimplemented instruction # that we handle by software emulation. However, # this would be beyond the scope of this course. # In this extremely simplified handler, we check nothing. # The following label is a place to jump to, # after making sure that the cause of exception # really was an interrupt. exc_was_interrupt: # Since we had an interrupt, and not a TRAP, # we must subtract 4 from the contents of the # exception-address register (ea), so that # the interrupted instruction gets restarted # when we return from the interrupt. # This requirement is Nios2-specific. subi ea,ea,4 andi et, et, 0x0004 # Keep the bit at index 2 in ienable (key device) bne et, r0, keyint # If that bit is zero, then the keys have not requested an interrupt, proceed. # This is the place to check if the interrupt # came from timer_1 or from another source. # Since we have only one source right now, # we omit the check (until Assignment 4). # The following code is specific for # interrupts from timer_1 timer1int: # Acknowledge the interrupt movia et,timer_1_base PUSH r8 movi r8,1 stwio r8,0(et) # clears timeout bit POP r8 PUSH ea # Saves ea (exception return adress), so we may return properly rdctl r24, ctl1 # Saves estatus to r24 PUSH r24 # saves estatus on the stack # This is a first, simple handler. # All we do when we get a timer interrupt # is print a T on the console. # Since the JTAG UART uses interrupts itself, # this program must be compiled with a special # system library using another UART for the console: # We use uart_0. # Before calling a subroutine, push r1 through r15, and r31. PUSHMOST movia r4,mytime call puttime movia r4,mytime call tick movi r4,'T' trap POPMOST POP r24 #restores estatus from the stack wrctl ctl1, r24 #writes estatus to ctl1 (restore) POP ea #restores exception return adress # Afterwards, restore saved register values. # Branch to the end of the exception handler. br excend keyint: PUSHMOST movia r8, 0x840 # Store the adress of the data register of the keys in r8 stwio r0, 12(r8) # ACKNOWLEDGE INTERRUPT ldwio r8, 0(r8) # Read the contents of the data register andi r5, r8, 0b0010 # Keep second bit (key1) bne r5, r0, key0 PUSH r4 movia r4, 'F' call out_char_uart_0 movia r4, mytime stw r0, 0(r4) POP r4 key0:andi r8, r8, 1 # Discard all but the first bit beq r8, r0, pressed # If it is zero, then it is pressed movia r4, 'U' # Else it is released, store U in r4 call out_char_uart_0 # Print it POPMOST br excend # Proceed pressed: movia r4, 'D' # This runs only if the button was pressed, store D in r4 call out_char_uart_0 # Print it POPMOST br excend # The following label is a place to jump to, # after making sure that the cause of exception # really was the result of a trap instruction. exc_was_trap: # Our trap handler will call a subroutine. # We save the return address register R31, # to avoid problems for the code containing # the trap instruction. PUSH ra # Print character in R4 using out_char_uart_0. call out_char_uart_0 # Restore the saved register. POP ra # Fall-through to the end of the handler. # No branch needed (right now at least). # This is the end of the exception handler. excend: eret # ######################################## ######################################## # Helper functions and support code. # You do not need to study the following code. # # out_char_uart_0 - send byte on uart0 # one parameter, in r4: byte to send # no return value # .global out_char_uart_0 out_char_uart_0: movia r8,uart_0_base ldwio r8,8(r8) # get uart0 status andi r8,r8,0x40 # check TxRDY bit beq r8,r0,out_char_uart_0 # loop if not ready andi r4,r4,0xff # sanitize argument movia r8,uart_0_base stwio r4,4(r8) # write to uart0 TX data ret ################################################################ # # A simplified printf() replacement. # Implements the following conversions: %c, %d, %s and %x. # No format-width specifications are allowed, # for example "%08x" is not implemented. # Up to four arguments are accepted, i.e. the format string # and three more. Any extra arguments are silently ignored. # # The printf() replacement relies on routines # out_char_uart_0, out_hex_uart_0, # out_number_uart_0 and out_string_uart_0 # in file oslab_lowlevel_c.c # # We need the macros PUSH and POP (defined previously). # .text .global nios2int_printf nios2int_printf: PUSH ra # PUSH return address register r31. PUSH r16 # R16 will point into format string. PUSH r17 # R17 will contain the argument number. PUSH r18 # R18 will contain a copy of r5. PUSH r19 # R19 will contain a copy of r6. PUSH r20 # R20 will contain a copy of r7. mov r16,r4 # Get format string argument movi r17,0 # Clear argument number. mov r18,r5 # Copy r5 to safe place. mov r19,r6 # Copy r6 to safe place. mov r20,r7 # Copy r7 to safe place. asm_printf_loop: ldb r4,0(r16) # Get a byte of format string. addi r16,r16,1 # Point to next byte # End of format string is marked by a zero-byte. beq r4,r0,asm_printf_end cmpeqi r9,r4,92 # Check for backslash escape. bne r9,r0,asm_printf_backslash cmpeqi r9,r4,'%' # Check for percent-sign escape. bne r9,r0,asm_printf_percentsign asm_printf_doprint: # No escapes present, just print the character. movia r8,out_char_uart_0 callr r8 br asm_printf_loop asm_printf_backslash: # Preload address to out_char_uart_0 into r8. movia r8,out_char_uart_0 ldb r4,0(r16) # Get byte after backslash addi r16,r16,1 # Increase byte count. # Having a backslash at the end of the format string # is illegal, but must not crash our printf code. beq r4,r0,asm_printf_end cmpeqi r9,r4,'n' # Newline beq r9,r0,asm_printf_backslash_not_newline movi r4,10 # Newline callr r8 br asm_printf_loop asm_printf_backslash_not_newline: cmpeqi r9,r4,'r' # Return beq r9,r0,asm_printf_backslash_not_return movi r4,13 # Return callr r8 br asm_printf_loop asm_printf_backslash_not_return: # Unknown character after backslash - ignore. br asm_printf_loop asm_printf_percentsign: addi r17,r17,1 # Increase argument count. cmpgei r8,r17,4 # Check against maximum argument count. # If maximum argument count exceeded, print format string. bne r8,r0,asm_printf_doprint cmpeqi r9,r17,1 # Is argument number equal to 1? beq r9,r0,asm_printf_not_r5 # beq jumps if cmpeqi false mov r4,r18 # If yes, get argument from saved copy of r5. br asm_printf_do_conversion asm_printf_not_r5: cmpeqi r9,r17,2 # Is argument number equal to 2? beq r9,r0,asm_printf_not_r6 # beq jumps if cmpeqi false mov r4,r19 # If yes, get argument from saved copy of r6. br asm_printf_do_conversion asm_printf_not_r6: cmpeqi r9,r17,3 # Is argument number equal to 3? beq r9,r0,asm_printf_not_r7 # beq jumps if cmpeqi false mov r4,r20 # If yes, get argument from saved copy of r7. br asm_printf_do_conversion asm_printf_not_r7: # This should not be possible. # If this strange error happens, print format string. br asm_printf_doprint asm_printf_do_conversion: ldb r8,0(r16) # Get byte after percent-sign. addi r16,r16,1 # Increase byte count. cmpeqi r9,r8,'x' # Check for %x (hexadecimal). beq r9,r0,asm_printf_not_x movia r8,out_hex_uart_0 callr r8 br asm_printf_loop asm_printf_not_x: cmpeqi r9,r8,'d' # Check for %d (decimal). beq r9,r0,asm_printf_not_d movia r8,out_number_uart_0 callr r8 br asm_printf_loop asm_printf_not_d: cmpeqi r9,r8,'c' # Check for %c (character). beq r9,r0,asm_printf_not_c # Print character argument. br asm_printf_doprint asm_printf_not_c: cmpeqi r9,r8,'s' # Check for %s (string). beq r9,r0,asm_printf_not_s movia r8,out_string_uart_0 callr r8 br asm_printf_loop asm_printf_not_s: asm_printf_unknown: # We do not know what to do with other formats. # Print the format string text. movi r4,'%' movia r8,out_char_uart_0 callr r8 ldb r4,-1(r16) br asm_printf_doprint asm_printf_end: POP r20 POP r19 POP r18 POP r17 POP r16 POP ra ret # # End of simplified printf() replacement code. # ################################################################ # # End of file. # .end

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